Storage drivers#
LXD supports the following storage drivers for storing images, instances and custom volumes:
See the corresponding pages for driver-specific information and configuration options.
Feature comparison#
Where possible, LXD uses the advanced features of each storage system to optimize operations.
Feature |
Directory |
Btrfs |
LVM |
ZFS |
Ceph |
CephFS |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
no |
yes |
yes |
yes |
yes |
n/a |
|
Optimized instance creation |
no |
yes |
yes |
yes |
yes |
n/a |
Optimized snapshot creation |
no |
yes |
yes |
yes |
yes |
yes |
Optimized image transfer |
no |
yes |
no |
yes |
yes |
n/a |
no |
yes |
no |
yes |
yes |
n/a |
|
Copy on write |
no |
yes |
yes |
yes |
yes |
yes |
Block based |
no |
no |
yes |
no |
yes |
no |
Instant cloning |
no |
yes |
yes |
yes |
yes |
yes |
Storage driver usable inside a container |
yes |
yes |
no |
no |
no |
n/a |
Restore from older snapshots (not latest) |
yes |
yes |
yes |
no |
yes |
yes |
Storage quotas |
yes1 |
yes |
yes |
yes |
yes |
yes |
Optimized image storage#
All storage drivers except for the directory driver have some kind of optimized image storage format. To make instance creation near instantaneous, LXD clones a pre-made image volume when creating an instance rather than unpacking the image tarball from scratch.
To prevent preparing such a volume on a storage pool that might never be used with that image, the volume is generated on demand. Therefore, the first instance takes longer to create than subsequent ones.
Optimized instance transfer#
Btrfs, ZFS and Ceph (RBD) have an internal send/receive mechanism that allows for optimized volume transfer. LXD uses this mechanism to transfer instances and snapshots between servers.
This optimized transfer is available only when transferring volumes between storage pools that use the same storage driver. When transferring between storage pools that use different drivers or drivers that don’t support optimized instance transfer, LXD uses rsync to transfer the individual files instead.
When using rsync, you can specify an upper limit on the amount of socket I/O by setting the rsync.bwlimit storage pool property to a non-zero value.
Recommended setup#
The two best options for use with LXD are ZFS and Btrfs. They have similar functionalities, but ZFS is more reliable.
Whenever possible, you should dedicate a full disk or partition to your LXD storage pool. LXD allows to create loop-based storage, but this isn’t recommended for production use. See Data storage location for more information.
The directory backend should be considered as a last resort option. It supports all main LXD features, but is slow and inefficient because it cannot perform instant copies or snapshots. Therefore, it constantly copies the instance’s full storage.
Security considerations#
Currently, the Linux kernel might silently ignore mount options and not apply them when a block-based filesystem (for example, ext4) is already mounted with different mount options.
This means when dedicated disk devices are shared between different storage pools with different mount options set, the second mount might not have the expected mount options.
This becomes security relevant when, for example, one storage pool is supposed to provide acl support and the second one is supposed to not provide acl support.
For this reason, it is currently recommended to either have dedicated disk devices per storage pool or to ensure that all storage pools that share the same dedicated disk device use the same mount options.
- 1
The directory storage driver supports quotas when running on either ext4 or XFS with project quotas enabled at the filesystem level.